Examining the Effects of Flow Experience and Social Support on AI Companionship

Yazarlar

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19360529

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Yapay zeka arkadaşlığı, akış deneyimi, sosyal destek, yapay zeka ile sohbet

Özet

This research examines the existence and predecessors of “AI companionship” which has emerged with the increasing use of AI applications not only for functional purposes but also for emotional and relational purposes. The main objective of the study is to determine the effect of perceived social support and experienced flow on users’ friendship like conversational behaviours with AI. Data was collected from 301 individuals between November 27 and December 12, 2025, using convenience sampling and online survey methods, and analysed using SPSS software. The analysis of the collected data reveal that AI social support, traditionally derived from humans and signifying stress reduction, relaxation, or a feeling of well-being, and the flow experience, signifying enjoyment and immersion while chatting with AI, are significant variables in AI companionship. It was also found that 22.3% of participants chatted with artificial intelligence at least a few times a month. Furthermore, differences in research variables based on key characteristics were examined. Finally, the research findings were interpreted, and recommendations were developed for researches.

Referanslar

Al Mazroui, K., & Alzyoudi, M. (2024). The role of ChatGPT in mitigating loneliness among older adults: An exploratory study. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 14(4), e202444.

Arora, N., Manchanda, P., Aggarwal, A., & Maggo, V. (2025). Tapping generative AI capabilities: a study to examine continued intention to use ChatGPT in the travel planning. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 30(10), 1303-1322.

Bilgihan, A., Okumus, F., Nusair, K., & Bujisic, M. (2014). Online experiences: flow theory, measuring online customer experience in e-commerce and managerial implications for the lodging industry. Information Technology & Tourism, 14(1), 49-71.

Chaturvedi, R., Verma, S., & Srivastava, V. (2024). Empowering AI companions for enhanced relationship marketing. California Management Review, 66(2), 65-90.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1977). Beyond Boredom and Anxiety, Second printing. San Francisco. Jossey-Bass.

De Freitas, J., Oğuz-Uğuralp, Z., Uğuralp, A. K., & Puntoni, S. (2025). AI companions reduce loneliness. Journal of Consumer Research, ucaf040.

Ding, Y., & Najaf, M. (2024). Interactivity, humanness, and trust: a psychological approach to AI chatbot adoption in e-commerce. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 595.

dos Santos, W. O., Bittencourt, I. I., Isotani, S., Dermeval, D., Marques, L. B., & Silveira, I. F. (2018). Flow theory to promote learning in educational systems: Is it really relevant?. Revista Brasileira de Informática na Educação, 26(02), 29.

Field, A. (2000). Discovering Statistics using SPSS for Windows. London, Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications, New Delhi.

Herbener, A. B., & Damholdt, M. F. (2025). Are lonely youngsters turning to chatbots for companionship? The relationship between chatbot usage and social connectedness in Danish high-school students. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 196, 103409.

Ho, J. Q., Hu, M., Chen, T. X., & Hartanto, A. (2025). Potential and pitfalls of romantic Artificial Intelligence (AI) companions: A systematic review. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 19, 100715.

Hoffman, D. L., & Novak, T. P. (1996). Marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments: Conceptual foundations. Journal of Marketing, 60(3), 50-68.

Jämting, D. (2025). Should We Trust AI to Cure Loneliness? Ethical, Psychological, and Sociotechnical Perspectives. Linköping University. Department of Computer and Information Sciences Bachelor’s Thesis 18 ECTS, Cognitive Science.

Karagöz, Y. (2017). SPSS & AMOS uygulamalı nitel-nicel karma bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri ve yayın etiği. Ankara: Nobel.

Kim, M. K., Jhee, S. Y., & Han, S. L. (2025). The Impact of Chat GPT’s Quality Factors on~ Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Enjoyment, and~ Continuous Usage Intention Using the IS Success Model. Asia Marketing Journal, 26(4), 243-254.

Lai, L., Pan, Y., Xu, R., & Jiang, Y. (2025). Depression and the use of conversational AI for companionship among college students: the mediating role of loneliness and the moderating effects of gender and mind perception. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1580826.

Liu, A. R., Pataranutaporn, P., & Maes, P. (2024). Chatbot companionship: a mixed-methods study of companion chatbot usage patterns and their relationship to loneliness in active users. arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.21596.

Marriott, H. R., & Pitardi, V. (2024). One is the loneliest number… Two can be as bad as one. The influence of AI Friendship Apps on users’ well‐being and addiction. Psychology & Marketing, 41(1), 86-101.

Merrill Jr, K., Kim, J., & Collins, C. (2022). AI companions for lonely individuals and the role of social presence. Communication Research Reports, 39(2), 93-103.

Metin, M., & Düşmezkalender, E. (2022). Examination of the mountain climbing in the context of flow experience. Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences, 22(1), 1-22.

Nakamura, J. & Csikszentmihalyi, Mi. (2012). Flow Theory and Research. (içinde Shane J. Lopez, and C. R. Snyder (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 2nd edn (2009; online edn, Oxford Academic, 18 Sept. 2012), https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0018, 18 Nov. 2025.

Nguyen, T. M., Quach, S., & Thaichon, P. (2022). The effect of AI quality on customer experience and brand relationship. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 21(3), 481-493.

Nusair, K., & Parsa, H. G. (2011). Introducing flow theory to explain the interactive online shopping experience in a travel context. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 12(1), 1-20.

O’brien, R. M. (2007). A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors. Quality & Quantity, 41(5), 673-690.

O’Neill, S. (1999). Flow theory and the development of musical performance skills. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 141, 129-134.

Obadă, D. R. (2013). Flow theory and online marketing outcomes: a critical literature review. Procedia Economics and Finance, 6, 550-561.

Ozkara, B. Y., Ozmen, M., & Kim, J. W. (2017). Examining the effect of flow experience on online purchase: A novel approach to the flow theory based on hedonic and utilitarian value. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 37, 119-131.

Pang, H., Ruan, Y., & Zhang, K. (2024). Deciphering technological contributions of visibility and interactivity to website atmospheric and customer stickiness in AI-driven websites: The pivotal function of online flow state. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 78, 103795.

Pataranutaporn, P., Karny, S., Archiwaranguprok, C., Albrecht, C., Liu, A. R., & Maes, P. (2025). " My Boyfriend is AI": A Computational Analysis of Human-AI Companionship in Reddit’s AI Community. arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.11391.

Patel, R., Peko, G., & Sundaram, D. (2025, January). Artificial intelligence in the workplace a paradox: contributor to loneliness and enhancer of organisational and employee health. 58th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 222-231.

Perttula, A., Kiili, K., Lindstedt, A., & Tuomi, P. (2017). Flow experience in game based learning–a systematic literature review. International Journal of Serious Games, 4(1), 57-72.

Sarason, I. G., Sarason, B. R., Shearin, E. N., & Pierce, G. R. (1987). A brief measure of social support: Practical and theoretical implications. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 4(4), 497-510.

Scherr, S., Cao, B., Jiang, L. C., & Kobayashi, T. (2025). Explaining the Use of AI Chatbots as Context Alignment: Motivations Behind the Use of AI Chatbots Across Contexts and Culture. Computers in Human Behavior, 108738.

Stavrou, N. A., Psychountaki, M., Georgiadis, E., Karteroliotis, K., & Zervas, Y. (2015). Flow theory–goal orientation theory: positive experience is related to athlete’s goal orientation. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1499.

Sullivan, Y., Nyawa, S., & Fosso Wamba, S. (2023). Combating loneliness with artificial intelligence: An AI-based emotional support model. Proceedings of the 56th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. 4443-4452.

Syed, S. A. (2024). The role of AI in alleviating loneliness among adults in the United States. International Journal of Engineering Technology Research & Management (IJETRM), 8(04), 404-421.

Udd, A., & Nobel, A. (2025). Artificial Intimacy: A Study of AI Usage and Loneliness Across Gender and Age. Lund Universit, Institutionen fö Psykologi, 1-23.

Vandhika, S., & Sahrani, R. (2025). Chatting Away Loneliness: Embracing New Connections Between Humans and Artificial Intelligence. INSAN: Jurnal Psikologi dan Kesehatan Mental. 10(1), 1-20.

Wang, Y., Zhao, Y., Tian, X., Yang, J., & Luo, S. (2025). The influence of subjective knowledge, technophobia and perceived enjoyment on design students’ intention to use artificial intelligence design tools. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 35(1), 333-358.

Wu, T. C., Scott, D., & Yang, C. C. (2013). Advanced or addicted? Exploring the relationship of recreation specialization to flow experiences and online game addiction. Leisure Sciences, 35(3), 203-217.

Yağcı, M.İ. & Çabuk, S. (2018), Pazarlama Teorileri, (ed.), İstanbul, Mediacat, 2. Baskı, (in Barış, G.), s.251-258.

Yang, Y., Wang, C., Xiang, X., & An, R. (2025, February). AI applications to reduce loneliness among older adults: A systematic review of effectiveness and technologies. Healthcare. 13(5,) 446, https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13050446.

Yeşiltaş, M. D., & Türk, M. (2017). A research on the relationship between the work flow theory and five factor model (ffm) of personality characteristics. Osmaniye Korkut Ata University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 1(2), 117-128.

Zhang, Y., Zhao, D., Hancock, J. T., Kraut, R., & Yang, D. (2025). The Rise of AI Companions: How Human-Chatbot Relationships Influence Well-Being. arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.12605.

Zhou, T., & Zhang, C. (2024). Examining generative AI user addiction from a CAC perspective. Technology in Society, 78, 102653.

Yayınlanmış

31.03.2026

Nasıl Atıf Yapılır

Karaman, K., Karaman, Çağlar, & Bozacı, İbrahim. (2026). Examining the Effects of Flow Experience and Social Support on AI Companionship. International Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research (JSHSR), 13(129), 560–569. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19360529

Benzer Makaleler

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 > >> 

Bu makale için ayrıca gelişmiş bir benzerlik araması başlat yapabilirsiniz.