Zorbalık Müdahale Ve Önleme Programları Üzerine Bir İnceleme
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https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14585179Anahtar Kelimeler:
Akran zorbalığı, zorbalık, şiddet, müdahale, önlemeÖzet
Zorbalık, bireylerin psikolojik, sosyal ve akademik gelişimlerini ciddi şekilde etkileyen evrensel bir sorundur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, dünya çapında zorbalık önleme ve müdahale programlarını inceleyerek, bu programların etkinliğini, uygulama biçimlerini ve kültürel farklılıklar doğrultusunda nasıl uyarlanabileceğini ortaya koymaktır. Zorbalığın çocuklar ve yetişkinler üzerinde yarattığı olumsuz etkiler, hem kısa hem de uzun vadeli sosyal ve psikolojik sorunlara yol açmaktadır. Bu nedenle, birçok ülke ve eğitim kurumu, zorbalığı önlemek ve müdahale etmek amacıyla kapsamlı programlar geliştirmiştir.
Çalışmada, Finlandiya’dan KiVa, Norveç’ten Olweus Zorbalık Önleme Programı (OBPP), Hindistan’dan SEHER gibi önde gelen programlar ele alınmıştır. KiVa, ulusal çapta uygulanmaya uygun bir yapı ile zorbalık oranlarını kayda değer biçimde azaltmış, öğretmenler ve öğrenciler için sanal öğrenme ortamları ve yapılandırılmış ders materyalleri sunmuştur. Benzer şekilde, OBPP, tüm okul topluluğunu kapsayan bir yaklaşımla zorbalığı %60’tan fazla azaltmış ve zorbalık çemberi teorisiyle kurban, zorba ve seyirci rollerini kapsamlı bir şekilde tanımlamıştır.
Bunun yanı sıra, STAC Programı, öğrencileri zorbalığa tanıklık ettiklerinde "savunucu" rolüne teşvik ederek hem mağdurları desteklemekte hem de zorbalık davranışlarını azaltmıştır. Hindistan’da uygulanan SEHER Programı, düşük kaynaklı okullarda ergen sağlığını geliştirmeye yönelik çok bileşenli bir yaklaşım sunmuş, olumlu okul iklimi yaratmada başarılı sonuçlar elde etmiştir. Bu program, sadece zorbalığı değil, aynı zamanda şiddet, cinsiyet eşitsizliği ve depresyon gibi diğer sorunları da ele alarak kapsamlı bir müdahale sağlamıştır.
Araştırmada, kültürel uyumun ve yerel ihtiyaçların göz önünde bulundurulmasının, programların etkinliğinde önemli bir faktör olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Örneğin, zorbalıkla mücadelede teknolojik araçlardan yararlanan Video Tabanlı Okul Şiddeti Tespit Algoritması (DT–SVM), %97’nin üzerinde doğruluk oranıyla şiddeti tespit etmede etkili bir model sunmuştur. Ayrıca, programların başarı oranını artırmak için ebeveynlerin, öğretmenlerin ve öğrencilerin aktif katılımını içeren stratejilere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.
Bu çalışma, zorbalıkla mücadelede kullanılan mevcut yöntemlerin etkinliğini değerlendirerek, daha kapsayıcı ve sürdürülebilir stratejiler geliştirilmesine yönelik öneriler sunmaktadır. Bulgular, eğitim politikalarının oluşturulmasında ve yeni müdahale programlarının tasarımında rehberlik edecek değerli bilgiler içermektedir.
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